Download materi Introduction to Information Technology

nIs this really all that important to know ?

n  Server

n  Program

n  Client

n  Network

n  CPU

n  Operating System

n  bit, byte, kilobyte, megabyte …

n  Memory

n  Storage

n  Expansion Slots

n  MHz

n  Application Software

n  Upload

n  FTP

n  IT

n  Network Drive

n  World Wide Web

n  Internet

n  etc.

nWill there be computers in your place of work?

nWill you have to communicate with those you work with?

nBecoming Computer Savvy

n  Understand general computer terms.

n  Have a better sense of computers when buying.

n  Know how to fix ordinary problems

n  Efficiently use the Internet

n  Know how to learn new and different programs

nUsing Information Technology

n  Chapter 1

n  Introduction to Information Technology

n  Your Digital World     

nWhat is a computer?

n  A programmable machine

n  A machine that accepts input (raw data), processes that input, and produces output (information).

nWhat is a network?

n  Two or more computers connected together using communications equipment.

n  Then along came …

n  Being “online” – using a computer to access information from another computer through the use of a network.

n  The Internet

n  World Wide Web

n  E-mail

n  Information technology (“infotech”):

¨   IT - Technology that helps in the production, processing, storing, communication and dissemination of information.

n  The E-World   (E-business, E-commerce, E-government, E-learning, E-pinions,  E-tailing, E-waste)

n  The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the “Plumbing of Cyberspace”

n  Cyberspace

§   encompasses the whole wired and wireless world of communications.

§   Term created by William Gibson – author

§   Not a commonly used term in the field of Computer Science.

§  Internet

§   A global network of networks (tangible)

§   Do not confuse with WWW.

§  World Wide Web

§   Most common use of the Internet 

§   Encompasses information that can be viewed through a web  browser (web pages).

§   Do not confuse with the Internet.

n  1.2 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers

•                          Supercomputers

•                          Mainframes

•                          Workstations

•                          Microcomputers

•                          Microcontrollers

n  Supercomputers

n   Fastest computer

n   Can cost one million to 350 million dollars

n   looks like rows of refrigerator-size boxes

n   Consists of thousands of processors and can carry out several trillion calculations per second.

n   Used for computer simulations

¨  tracking hurricanes, biological contamination, or understanding ocean currents.

nMainframes

n  Small mainframes (mid-size computers or minicomputers).

n  5,000 to 5 million dollars

n  Used in large organizations – banks, airlines, insurance companies, colleges.

n  Processes billions of instructions per second.

n  Often used with a terminal.

n  Workstations

n  usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and engineering calculations and for computer-aided design

n  Example:  designing airplanes, special effects in movies

n  Microcomputer

n  $500 - $5000

n  Personal Computer (PC)

¨Tower PC

¨Desktop PC

¨Laptop / Notebook

¨Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers or palmtops

n  Mac

¨While a Mac is a PC, most people relate the term, PC,  with systems that run the Windows operating system.

n  Other types of microcomputers.

n  Microcontrollers

n  tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles

n  also called embedded computers

nServers

nThe word “server” refers to how a computer is used.

nServer - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients

nClients - PCs, workstations, & other devices attached to a server

nServer + Clients linked together form a client/server network

n  How Computers Work

n  The purpose of a computer is to process data into information.

n  Data  (Input)

¨The raw facts and figures that are processed into information

n  Information (Output)

¨Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making

nComputers consist of hardware and software.

n  Hardware

¨   All the machinery and equipment in a computer system

¨   Tangible

n  Software

¨   All the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task

¨   Intangible

nAll computers follow the same five basic operations.

•                       Input

•                       Processing

•                       Storage

•                       Output

•                       Communications

n  Input

nProcessing
   - Manipulating data into information

n  Case or system cabinet

¨the box that houses

nthe processor chip

    (CPU – Central Processing Unit)

nmemory chips (RAM)

nmotherboard with power supply

nsecondary storage devices

nvideo card

nEtc. …..

n  Motherboard

n  Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.

n  Everything else attaches to the motherboard through connections called ports.

n  Expansion slots - “plugs” on the motherboard for expanding the PC’s capabilities via additional circuit boards.

n  Processing

n  Processor chip

n  A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits.

n  Storage

n  Primary storage

¨Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed and after it has been processed

¨Also called:

nMemory or primary memory

nRAM – Random Access Memory

nTemporary storage

n  RAM

n  Secondary storage

¨The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently

¨Also simply called:

nStorage

nStorage capacity is measured in:

n  1 byte - 1 character is represented using 1 byte.

= 8 bits  (a bit is a 0 or a 1)

n  1 kilobyte - 1,024 characters.

         = 2¹⁰ bytes (approx. 10³ bytes)

n  1 megabyte - 1,048,576 characters.

         = 2²⁰ bytes (approx. 10⁶ bytes)

n  1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters.

= 2³⁰ bytes (approx. 10⁹ bytes)

n  1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters.

= 2⁴⁰ bytes (approx. 10¹² bytes)

nStorage

nStorage

n        Storage

n       Storage

nOutput

nSpeaker output requires a sound card.

nOutput

nA video card controls the video display of your monitor.

nOutput

nCommunications

nPut all the hardware together and…

nYou still need the software!

n  System software

n  Helps the computer perform essential operating tasks and enables the application software to run

nYou still need the software!

n  Application software

n  Enables you to perform specific tasks--solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself

n  The slides that follow will not be covered in class.

n  1.4 Where Is Information Technology Headed?
Three Directions of Computer Development

n  Miniaturization

n  Speed

n  Affordability

nThree Directions of Communications Development

n  Connectivity

n  Interactivity

n  Multimedia

nWhen Computers & Communications Combine:
Convergence, Portability, & Personalization

n  Convergence

n  Portability

n  Personalization

n“E” Also Stands for Ethics

n  Speed and scale

n  Unpredictability

n  Complexity

nOnward: Handling Information in the Era of Pervasive Computing

n  Learn to deal with information overload

n  Have a strategy to memorize information: reduce dependence on technology

n  Learn how to make your “multitasking” efficient

nOnward: Handling Information in the Era of Pervasive Computing

n  Be aware that “smart mobs” could also be dumb mobs: Know when technology is being used against you.

n  Concept Check

n  What are the two key components of information technology?

n  Computers and communications

n  Concept Check

n  What are the two key aspects of cyberspace?

n  The Internet and the World Wide Web

n  Concept Check

n  What are the five sizes of computers from largest to smallest?

n  Supercomputer, mainframe, workstation, microcomputer, microcontroller

n  Concept Check

n  What is a LAN?

n  A local area network is a connected group of desktop PCs and other devices such as printers, normally located in an office or building.

n  Concept Check

n  Which size of computer is also called an “embedded computer?”

n  Microcontroller

n  Concept Check

n  What is the term for a computer used to hold collections of data and programs for connecting PCs, workstations, and other devices?

n  Server

n  Concept Check

n  What are the five basic operations that computers have in common?

n  Input, processing, storage, output, and communications

n  Concept Check

n  Which type of storage is composed of computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed?

n  Primary storage (memory)

n  Concept Check

n  What computer device consists of electronic circuitry that executes instructions to process data?

n  CPU (Central Processing Unit)

n  Concept Check

n  Are RAM chips used for primary or secondary storage?

n  Primary - they’re also called memory chips.

n  Concept Check

n  What is the name of the main circuit board in the computer, to which everything else is attached via connections called ports?

n  Motherboard

n  Concept Check

n  How many characters can be represented by a byte? A kilobyte?

n  A byte represents a single character; 1, 024 characters make a kilobyte

n  Concept Check

n  What is the name for the unit of storage capacity representing one billion characters?

n  One gigabyte

n  Concept Check

n  What is the name for any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and/or output capabilities? A zip-disk drive is an example of this type of component.

n  Peripheral device

n  Concept Check

n  What type of software includes the operating system and the master control program that runs the computer?

n  System software